Wellness

1).Gut Microbiome and Insulin Resistance

• The gut microbiome (the trillions of bacteria living in the digestive tract) influences metabolism and immune function.
• In people with T2D, the gut microbiome often shows:
  • Lower microbial diversity
  • Higher levels of pro-inflammatory bacteria
• These changes can promote low-grade inflammation, which contributes to insulin resistance—a key factor in T2D.

2).Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)

• Healthy gut bacteria produce SCFAs (like butyrate) when fermenting dietary fiber.
• SCFAs improve:
  • Insulin sensitivity
  • Appetite regulation
  • Gut barrier integrity
• In type 2 Diabetes short- chain fatty acids production is often reduced.

3).Gut Hormones (Incretins)

• The gut releases hormones such as:
  • GLP-1 (Glucagon- like peptide- 1)
  • GIP (Gastric inhibitory peptide)
• These incretins:
  • Stimulate insulin secretion
  • Suppress Glucagon (which raises blood sugar)
  • Slow gastric emptying
  • Reduce appetite
• In Type 2 Diabetes, the incretin response is often impaired.
• GLP-1 receptor agonists (like semaglutide and liraglutide) are diabetes medications that mimic this hormone to lower blood sugar.

4).Gut Barrier Function

• A healthy gut lining acts as a barrier to harmful substances.
• In diabetes, “leaky gut” (increased intestinal permeability) may occur.
• This allows endotoxins to enter the bloodstream, triggering inflammation and worsening insulin resistance.

5).Bile Acids and Metabolism

• Gut bacteria modify bile acids, which in turn affect glucose and lipid metabolism.
• Changes in bile acid composition can impair blood sugar regulation.